Contents
ILLUSTRATIONS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
1. Artworlds and Definitions: How That Became Art
Art
Honorific Definitions of "Fine art"
The Open Definition
Classificatory Definitions
Aesthetics
Art Criticism
Description, Interpretation, Judgment, and Theory
Critics on Criticizing
Criticizing Criticism
Criticism and Aesthetics
Skepticism about Art, Aesthetics, and Criticism
Aesthetics, Art Criticism, and Visual Culture
Aestheticians, Artists, Critics, and Readers
Questions for Further Reflection
Notes
2. Realism: Art Is Realistic, Truthful, and Beautiful
A Brief Overview of Realism
Greek Theories of Realism in Fine art
Plato
Aristotle
Issues Related to Realism
Kitsch
Pornography
Obscenity and Censorship
Photography, Reality, and Truth
What Does Information technology Mean to Say That a Work Is "Realistic"?
Works of Art by Jeff Koons
Disquisitional Commentary on Koons'southward Piece of work
Koons'southward Thoughts nearly His Own Piece of work
Paintings by Alexis Rockman
Critical Commentary on Rockman'south Paintings
Rockman's Thoughts well-nigh His Own Work
Photographs by Andres Serrano
Critical Commentary on Serrano's Photographs
Serrano's Thoughts about His Ain Work
Decision
Realism and Artists
Realism and Artworks
Realism and Audiences
Questions for Farther Reflection
Notes
3. Expressionism and Cognitivism: Art Shows Feelings, Communicates Thoughts, and Provides Noesis
Expressionism and Cognitivism
Expressionist and Cognitivist Theories of Fine art
Leo Tolstoy
Benedetto Croce
R. G. Collingwood
Suzanne Langer
John Dewey
Nelson Goodman
Arthur Danto
Metaphor
Psychoanalytic Theory
Marxist Aesthetics
Joan Mitchell, Painter
Critical Commentary on Mitchell'southward Paintings
Mitchell'south Thoughts near Her Ain Piece of work
Mitchell and Expressionism
Louise Conservative, Sculptor
Critical Commentary on Bourgeois's Sculptures
Bourgeois's Thoughts about Her Own Work
Bourgeois and Expressionism
Kiki Smith, Printmaker and Sculptor
Disquisitional Commentary on Smith'due south Work
Smith'southward Thoughts about Her Own Work
Smith and Cognitivism
The Problem of Artistic Intent
Limitations of Expressionism and Cognitivism
Strengths of Expressionism and Cognitivism
Determination
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Artists
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Artworks
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Audiences
Questions for Further Reflection
Notes
4. Ceremonial: Art Is Significant Form
Precursors to Formalism
Is Beauty Objective or Subjective?
St. Thomas Aquinas
David Hume
Hume on Art Criticism
Early Formalism: Aesthetic Attitude and Artful Experience
Disinterestedness
Decontextualization
Aestheticization
The Sublime
Immanuel Kant
G. W. F. Hegel
Twentieth-Century Formalism
Early on Mod Abstractionists: Kandinsky, Mondrian, and Malevich
Clive Bell
Clement Greenberg
Structuralism
Ferdinand de Saussure
Roland Barthes
Structuralism and Ceremonial
Agnes Martin: Paintings and Drawings
Critical Commentary on Martin's Work
Martin'south Thoughts about Her Ain Piece of work
Joel Shapiro: Sculptures
Disquisitional Commentary on Shapiro's Work
Shapiro's Thoughts about His Own Work
Andy Goldsworthy: Environmental Sculptures
Critical Commentary on Goldsworthy's Work
Goldsworthy's Thoughts nigh His Own Work
Martin, Shapiro, Goldsworthy, and Formalism
Strengths and Weaknesses of Formalism
Conclusion
Formalism and Artists
Ceremonial and Artworks
Formalism and Audiences
Questions for Further Reflection
Notes
5. Postmodern Pluralism: Art Destabilizes the Expert, the True, the Beautiful, and the Self
Precursors to Poststructuralism and Postmodernism
Friedrich Nietzsche
Critical Theory, the Frankfurt Schoolhouse, and Neo-Marxism
Poststructuralism
Jacques Lacan
Michel Foucault
Julia Kristeva
Jacques Derrida
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari
Richard Rorty
Slavoj Žižek
Feminism
Postmodernism
Jean-François Lyotard
Jean Baudrillard
Fredric Jameson
Postcolonialism
Cindy Sherman: Photographs
Critical Commentary on Sherman'southward Photographs
Sherman's Thoughts about Her Own Work
Cindy Sherman and Postmodern Pluralism
Lorna Simpson: Photographs with Words
Critical Commentary on Simpson'south Piece of work
Simpson's Thoughts about Her Ain Work
Lorna Simpson and Postmodern Pluralism
Paul McCarthy: Performances, Videos, and Sculptures
Critical Commentary on McCarthy'south Work
McCarthy'southward Thoughts about His Own Work
McCarthy and Postmodern Pluralism
Strengths and Weaknesses of Postmodern Pluralism
Approaches to Postmodern Artmaking
Escaping the Confines of Museums
Collapsing Boundaries Between "High" and "Low"
Rejecting "Originality"
Jouissance
Working Collaboratively
Appropriating
Simulating
Hybridizing
Mixing Media
Layering
Mixing Codes
Recontextualizing
Confronting the Gaze
Facing the Abject
Amalgam Identities
Using Narratives
Creating Metaphors
Using Irony, Parody, and Dissonance
Conclusion
Postmodern Pluralism and Artists
Postmodern Pluralism and Artworks
Postmodern Pluralism and Audiences
Questions for Further Reflection
Notes
half-dozen. Decision
Why Is Hanging Garden Art?
Art past Definitions
Hanging Garden and Realism
Hanging Garden and Cognitive Expressionism
Hanging Garden and Formalism Considerations
Hanging Garden and Postmodern Pluralism
Why Is Jellyfish Eyes Art?
Jellyfish Eyes and Realism
Jellyfish Eyes and Cognitive Expressionism
Jellyfish Eyes and Formalism
Jellyfish Eyes and Postmodern Pluralism
Why Is Practice We Dream Under the Same Sky Fine art?
Do Nosotros Dream Under the Aforementioned Sky and Realism
Practice We Dream Under the Aforementioned Sky and Cerebral Expressionism
Practise We Dream Under the Aforementioned Heaven and Formalism
Do We Dream Under the Same Sky and Postmodern Pluralism
Purposes of Fine art
Selecting Criteria
A Single Benchmark or Multiple Criteria for All Works of Art
Questions for Further Reflection
Notes
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alphabetize
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